2707. Extra Characters in a String

Description

You are given a 0-indexed string s and a dictionary of words dictionary. You have to break s into one or more non-overlapping substrings such that each substring is present in dictionary. There may be some extra characters in s which are not present in any of the substrings.

Return the minimum number of extra characters left over if you break up s optimally.

Example 1:

Input: s = "leetscode", dictionary = ["leet","code","leetcode"]
Output: 1
Explanation: We can break s in two substrings: "leet" from index 0 to 3 and "code" from index 5 to 8. There is only 1 unused character (at index 4), so we return 1.

Example 2:

Input: s = "sayhelloworld", dictionary = ["hello","world"]
Output: 3
Explanation: We can break s in two substrings: "hello" from index 3 to 7 and "world" from index 8 to 12. The characters at indices 0, 1, 2 are not used in any substring and thus are considered as extra characters. Hence, we return 3.

Constraints:

1 <= s.length <= 50
1 <= dictionary.length <= 50
1 <= dictionary[i].length <= 50
dictionary[i] and s consists of only lowercase English letters
dictionary contains distinct words

Solutions

Solution 1: Hash Table + Dynamic Programming

We can use a hash table $ss$ to record all words in the dictionary, which allows us to quickly determine whether a string is in the dictionary.

Next, we define $f[i]$ to represent the minimum number of extra characters in the first $i$ characters of string $s$, initially $f[0] = 0$.

When $i \ge 1$, the $i$th character $s[i - 1]$ can be an extra character, in which case $f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1$. If there exists an index $j \in [0, i - 1]$ such that $s[j..i)$ is in the hash table $ss$, then we can take $s[j..i)$ as a word, in which case $f[i] = f[j]$.

In summary, we can get the state transition equation:

\[f[i] = \min \{ f[i - 1] + 1, \min_{j \in [0, i - 1]} f[j] \}\]

where $i \ge 1$, and $j \in [0, i - 1]$ and $s[j..i)$ is in the hash table $ss$.

The final answer is $f[n]$.

The time complexity is $O(n^3 + L)$, and the space complexity is $O(n + L)$. Here, $n$ is the length of string $s$, and $L$ is the sum of the lengths of all words in the dictionary.

Solution 2: Trie + Dynamic Programming

We can use a trie to optimize the time complexity of Solution 1.

Specifically, we first insert each word in the dictionary into the trie $root$ in reverse order, then we define $f[i]$ to represent the minimum number of extra characters in the first $i$ characters of string $s$, initially $f[0] = 0$.

When $i \ge 1$, the $i$th character $s[i - 1]$ can be an extra character, in which case $f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1$. We can also enumerate the index $j$ in reverse order in the range $[0..i-1]$, and determine whether $s[j..i)$ is in the trie $root$. If it exists, then we can take $s[j..i)$ as a word, in which case $f[i] = f[j]$.

The time complexity is $O(n^2 + L)$, and the space complexity is $O(n + L \times |\Sigma|)$. Here, $n$ is the length of string $s$, and $L$ is the sum of the lengths of all words in the dictionary. Additionally, $|\Sigma|$ is the size of the character set. In this problem, the character set is lowercase English letters, so $|\Sigma| = 26$.

class Solution {
    public int minExtraChar(String s, String[] dictionary) {
        Set<String> ss = new HashSet<>();
        for (String w : dictionary) {
            ss.add(w);
        }
        int n = s.length();
        int[] f = new int[n + 1];
        f[0] = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1;
            for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
                if (ss.contains(s.substring(j, i))) {
                    f[i] = Math.min(f[i], f[j]);
                }
            }
        }
        return f[n];
    }
}

class Solution {
public:
    int minExtraChar(string s, vector<string>& dictionary) {
        unordered_set<string> ss(dictionary.begin(), dictionary.end());
        int n = s.size();
        int f[n + 1];
        f[0] = 0;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1;
            for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
                if (ss.count(s.substr(j, i - j))) {
                    f[i] = min(f[i], f[j]);
                }
            }
        }
        return f[n];
    }
};

class Solution:
    def minExtraChar(self, s: str, dictionary: List[str]) -> int:
        ss = set(dictionary)
        n = len(s)
        f = [0] * (n + 1)
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1
            for j in range(i):
                if s[j:i] in ss and f[j] < f[i]:
                    f[i] = f[j]
        return f[n]

func minExtraChar(s string, dictionary []string) int {
	ss := map[string]bool{}
	for _, w := range dictionary {
		ss[w] = true
	}
	n := len(s)
	f := make([]int, n+1)
	for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
		f[i] = f[i-1] + 1
		for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
			if ss[s[j:i]] && f[j] < f[i] {
				f[i] = f[j]
			}
		}
	}
	return f[n]
}

function minExtraChar(s: string, dictionary: string[]): number {
    const ss = new Set(dictionary);
    const n = s.length;
    const f = new Array(n + 1).fill(0);
    for (let i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1;
        for (let j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
            if (ss.has(s.substring(j, i))) {
                f[i] = Math.min(f[i], f[j]);
            }
        }
    }
    return f[n];
}

use std::collections::HashSet;

impl Solution {
    pub fn min_extra_char(s: String, dictionary: Vec<String>) -> i32 {
        let ss: HashSet<String> = dictionary.into_iter().collect();
        let n = s.len();
        let mut f = vec![0; n + 1];
        for i in 1..=n {
            f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1;
            for j in 0..i {
                if ss.contains(&s[j..i]) {
                    f[i] = f[i].min(f[j]);
                }
            }
        }
        f[n]
    }
}

/**
 * @param {string} s
 * @param {string[]} dictionary
 * @return {number}
 */
var minExtraChar = function (s, dictionary) {
    const ss = new Set(dictionary);
    const n = s.length;
    const f = Array(n + 1).fill(0);
    for (let i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        f[i] = f[i - 1] + 1;
        for (let j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
            if (ss.has(s.slice(j, i))) {
                f[i] = Math.min(f[i], f[j]);
            }
        }
    }
    return f[n];
};

2707 - Extra Characters in a String

2707. Extra Characters in a String

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2707. Extra Characters in a String

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