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91. Decode Ways

Description

A message containing letters from A-Z can be encoded into numbers using the following mapping:

'A' -> "1"
'B' -> "2"
...
'Z' -> "26"

To decode an encoded message, all the digits must be grouped then mapped back into letters using the reverse of the mapping above (there may be multiple ways). For example, "11106" can be mapped into:

  • "AAJF" with the grouping (1 1 10 6)
  • "KJF" with the grouping (11 10 6)

Note that the grouping (1 11 06) is invalid because "06" cannot be mapped into 'F' since "6" is different from "06".

Given a string s containing only digits, return the number of ways to decode it.

The test cases are generated so that the answer fits in a 32-bit integer.

 

Example 1:

Input: s = "12"
Output: 2
Explanation: "12" could be decoded as "AB" (1 2) or "L" (12).

Example 2:

Input: s = "226"
Output: 3
Explanation: "226" could be decoded as "BZ" (2 26), "VF" (22 6), or "BBF" (2 2 6).

Example 3:

Input: s = "06"
Output: 0
Explanation: "06" cannot be mapped to "F" because of the leading zero ("6" is different from "06").

 

Constraints:

  • 1 <= s.length <= 100
  • s contains only digits and may contain leading zero(s).

Solutions

Solution 1: Dynamic Programming

We define $f[i]$ to represent the number of decoding methods for the first $i$ characters of the string. Initially, $f[0]=1$, and the rest $f[i]=0$.

Consider how $f[i]$ transitions.

  • If the $i$th character (i.e., $s[i-1]$) forms a code on its own, it corresponds to one decoding method, i.e., $f[i]=f[i-1]$. The premise is $s[i-1] \neq 0$.
  • If the string formed by the $i-1$th character and the $i$th character is within the range $[1,26]$, then they can be treated as a whole, corresponding to one decoding method, i.e., $f[i] = f[i] + f[i-2]$. The premise is $s[i-2] \neq 0$, and $s[i-2]s[i-1]$ is within the range $[1,26]$.

The time complexity is $O(n)$, and the space complexity is $O(n)$. Here, $n$ is the length of the string.

  • class Solution {
    public int numDecodings(String s) {
        int n = s.length();
        int f = 0, g = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            int h = s.charAt(i - 1) != '0' ? g : 0;
            if (i > 1 && s.charAt(i - 2) != '0' && Integer.valueOf(s.substring(i - 2, i)) <= 26) {
                h += f;
            }
            f = g;
            g = h;
        }
        return g;
    }
}

  • class Solution {
public:
    int numDecodings(string s) {
        int n = s.size();
        int f = 0, g = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            int h = s[i - 1] != '0' ? g : 0;
            if (i > 1 && (s[i - 2] == '1' || (s[i - 2] == '2' && s[i - 1] <= '6'))) {
                h += f;
            }
            f = g;
            g = h;
        }
        return g;
    }
};

  • '''
>>> s = "abcdef"
>>> [(i,c) for i, c in enumerate(s, 1)]
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c'), (4, 'd'), (5, 'e'), (6, 'f')]
'''
class Solution:
    def numDecodings(self, s: str) -> int:
        # f: i-2
        # g: i-1
        f, g = 0, 1
        for i, c in enumerate(s, 1):
            h = g if c != "0" else 0
            if i > 1 and s[i - 2] != "0" and int(s[i - 2 : i]) <= 26:
                h += f
            f, g = g, h
        return g

##############

class Solution:
    def numDecodings(self, s: str) -> int:
        if len(s) == 0:
            return 0

        length = len(s)
        dp = [0] * (length + 1) # dp[i] => at index i, its decode ways

        dp[length] = 1 # initiator, just make forloop flow working
        dp[length - 1] = 0 if s[length - 1] == '0' else 1 # assumption is starting at i, so starting as 0 is not decodable

        # start at 'len-2'
        # or else below 'dp[i+2]' will out of index boundary
        for i in range(length - 2, -1, -1):
            if s[i] == '0':
                continue
            tem = int(s[i:i + 2])

            if tem > 26:
                dp[i] = dp[i + 1]
            else:
                dp[i] = dp[i + 1] + dp[i + 2]
        return dp[0]

# optimized from above solution, no dp array
class Solution:
    def numDecodings(self, s: str) -> int:
        n = len(s)
        # a: dp[i-2], b: dp[i-1], c: count for current index i
        a, b, c = 0, 1, 0
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            c = 0
            if s[i - 1] != '0':
                c += b
            if i > 1 and s[i - 2] != '0' and (int(s[i - 2]) * 10 + int(s[i - 1]) <= 26):
                c += a
            a, b = b, c
        return c

##############

class Solution:
    def numDecodings(self, s: str) -> int:
        n = len(s)
        dp = [0] * (n + 1)
        dp[0] = 1
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            if s[i - 1] != '0':
                dp[i] += dp[i - 1]
            if i > 1 and s[i - 2] != '0' and (int(s[i - 2]) * 10 + int(s[i - 1]) <= 26):
                dp[i] += dp[i - 2]
        return dp[n]


  • func numDecodings(s string) int {
	n := len(s)
	f, g := 0, 1
	for i := 1; i <= n; i++ {
		h := 0
		if s[i-1] != '0' {
			h = g
		}
		if i > 1 && (s[i-2] == '1' || (s[i-2] == '2' && s[i-1] <= '6')) {
			h += f
		}
		f, g = g, h
	}
	return g
}

  • function numDecodings(s: string): number {
    const n = s.length;
    let [f, g] = [0, 1];
    for (let i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        let h = s[i - 1] !== '0' ? g : 0;
        if (i > 1 && (s[i - 2] === '1' || (s[i - 2] === '2' && s[i - 1] <= '6'))) {
            h += f;
        }
        [f, g] = [g, h];
    }
    return g;
}


  • public class Solution {
    public int NumDecodings(string s) {
        int n = s.Length;
        int f = 0, g = 1;
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
            int h = s[i - 1] != '0' ? g : 0;
            if (i > 1 && (s[i - 2] == '1' || (s[i - 2] == '2' && s[i - 1] <= '6'))) {
                h += f;
            }
            f = g;
            g = h;
        }
        return g;
    }
}

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